Partner Perspectives. Partner Perspectives. This definition explains the meaning of copyright and how digital rights management is deployed to enforce copyright restrictions on the use of digital content. But unlike 3.5mm headphones, which can be used with an iPhone 7 via the Apple-made dongle, there’s no way to do the reverse and get Lightning headphones to work. Streaming media player Roku has begun to crack down on those among its more than 1,000 privately operated channels which are distributing pirated content, TechCrunch. Partner Perspectives. White Papers. Current Issue. Digital Transformation Myths & Truths. Transformation is on every IT organization's to- do list, but effectively transforming IT means a major shift in technology as well as business models and culture. In this IT Trend Report, we examine some of the misconceptions of digital transformation and look at steps you can take to succeed technically and culturally.[Interop ITX 2. State Of Dev. Ops Report. The Dev. Ops movement brings application development and infrastructure operations together to increase efficiency and deploy applications more quickly. But embracing Dev. Ops means making significant cultural, organizational, and technological changes. This research report will examine how and why IT organizations are adopting Dev. Ops methodologies, the effects on their staff and processes, and the tools they are utilizing for the best results. Video. Sponsored Video. Slideshows. Twitter Feed. What is copyright? Definition from What. Is. com. Copyright is a legal term describing ownership of control of the rights to the use and distribution of certain works of creative expression, including books, video, movies, music and computer programs. Historically, copyright law has been enacted to balance the desire of cultures to use and reuse creative works (thus creating "derivative work") against the desire of the creators of art, literature, music and the like to monetize their work by controlling who can make and sell copies of the work. By submitting your personal information, you agree that Tech. Target and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers. You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy. To strike this balance, the exclusivity of control is almost always restricted to a set period of years, after which a copyright- protected work reverts to the public domain and may be freely used. Under current law in the U. S., works created after Jan. For anonymous, pseudonymous and corporate- owned works, a copyright lasts 9. The copyright holder is often a company or corporation. If a work is created as a component of employment ("work for hire"), then the copyright for the work defaults to the employer. Copyright ownership is bounded by the territory of the jurisdiction in which it has been granted (a copyright granted by the United States is valid only within that country, for example), as well by certain specific exceptions. Much of international copyright law was brought into relative conformity with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (usually referred to as the Berne Convention), in 1. The World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (also known as the WIPO Copyright Treaty or WCT) was adopted in 1. Berne Convention. The copyright symbol, used. An important shift in copyright legislation that appeared in the Berne Convention was the move to make copyright protection automatic. In most countries today, creators do not need to register or apply for copyright protection of a work. Rather, the author of a work is immediately entitled to all copyrights of the work until those rights are explicitly disclaimed or the copyright expires. Before 1. 98. 9, United States law required the use of a copyright notice to assert that copyright was being claimed. The copyright symbol or the word "copyright" had to be placed somewhere within the protected work, along with the year the work was created or published. Copyright duration and public domain. The notion of protecting publishers from unauthorized third- party sales of copies of their books dates back to the 1. Statute of Anne in Britain, a law that gave publishers exclusive publishing rights for a fixed period, after which their work could be produced and sold by others. In the United States, the first legislation along these lines appears in the U. S. Constitution, in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8, where the so- called Copyright Clause gives Congress the authority to enact laws "securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."Both these laws, along with current copyright legislation worldwide, call for protected works to enter the "public domain" after the copyright law's stipulated term has passed. Works in the public domain may be used, copied and distributed with no restrictions under copyright law. Copyright exceptions and fair use. Not every expression of an idea may be copyright protected. Copyright doesn't protect: Product names. Titles of works (such as book titles)Names of businesses and organizations. Pseudonyms, including computer hacker "nyms."Slogans, catchphrases, mottos and short advertising phrases. Lists of ingredients, such as on product labels or as used in recipes. Some things on this list, such as product names, may be afforded protection under trademark law. Even when a work is protected under copyright law, the copyright law allows certain exceptions where works may be used even when the copyright holder has otherwise restricted use. Some of these exceptions are a matter of practicality, such as allowing libraries to make Braille copies of books they own. In some cases, such as public venues that play music through jukeboxes, the copyright owner is compelled by the law to grant the jukebox owner a license at a predetermined fee. One important set of exceptions is the allowance for making backup copies of digital works that are copyright protected. The most important exception is "fair use," known in some other international jurisdictions as "fair dealing." Conceptually, fair use is a refinement of the basic balance copyright strikes between author and civil interests. It is in the public's interest to have access to critical reviews of works, and in considering these works, the critic may include short excerpts of a work in order illustrate a point being made. Copyright laws also generally protect works of parody from copyright infringement claims, as is the use of works for educational uses. It is important to note, though, that what counts as fair use is generally not well delineated in copyright laws around the world. In the U. S., the law lists four basic guidelines courts may use in lawsuits where infringement is alleged: the purpose and character of the use, including whether it is commercial or noncommercial; the nature of the work (e. In the world of popular music, the boundaries of fair use have been tested as a result of the use of "samples" or short snippets of copyright- protected songs in new works. Clear precedents have not been established because court decisions have taken unpredictable turns. A 2. 00. 5 decision in the 6th District Court in the U. S. held that copying even as few as three consecutive notes could constitute infringement. Other cases have revolved around whether permissions must be obtained for portions of a work that are sampled or for the underlying song, or both. Generally, commercial musicians generally buy "clearances" to sample works, meaning that whether that sampling could be allowed under fair use provisions is simply not tested. Digital rights management as copyright control. Digital expressions, such as ebooks and music, are of course protected under copyright just as their traditional book and compact disc counterparts are. Controlling infringement and unauthorized reproduction of digital works is considerably more difficult than hard copy products that require printing and physical distribution. Copyright protects these works and can be used as the basis for lawsuits after the fact, but corporations have embraced the idea of using digital technologies to protect digital works. There are two basic approaches used in typical DRM products: Individual copies of the digital product are encrypted and contain the code necessary to protect their use. The protections used to prevent unauthorized duplication of commercially distributed DVDs are examples of this and rely on safeguards built into DVD players to prevent the use of pirated copies. A centralized rights management server checks authorizations at time of use and locks or unlocks digital copies accordingly. This allows finer- grained control and better overall use accounting but requires internet connection before each use. There are, in some DRM systems, additional controls enforced. Books read in the Amazon Kindle ecosystem, for instance, can be "highlighted" within the context of the present copy, but copying text displayed in a Kindle reader to the clipboard of the operating system isn't allowed. This DRM- imposed restriction on cutting and pasting is, critics have noted, a restriction that goes beyond the rights provided under copyright law, where that cutting and pasting might well fall into the realm of fair use. Not being able to make backup copies of DVDs is another case where use of a work is allowed under copyright but may be prohibited by the DRM system a corporation has opted to use. Further, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1. DMCA) includes a stipulation that makes it a criminal offense to reverse engineer DRM systems, even if the aim is to take actions that are allowed under that same copyright law.
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